The Financial Times has a great article on how manufacturing is America’s key to
rebounding from the Great Recession.
“When Vicki Gerbino, a native of upstate New York,
was deciding two years ago whether to move to Wichita, Kansas, the Midwestern
city did not seem like a model for the future of the US economy”.
“But the head of the Greater Wichita Economic
Development Coalition says she found a place filled with art, theatre and
“smart people” – many linked to the aviation industry. “Everybody and their
brother flies or knows someone who flies,” Ms Gerbino says.
Thanks to a cluster of aircraft manufacturers such
as Learjet, Cessna and Hawker Beechcraft, the economic focus of Wichita –
population 366,000 – is very different from the emphasis on services and
consumer demand typical of 21st-century America. According to a study published late last month
by the Brookings Institution, a Washington think-tank, nearly 28 per cent of
the city’s gross metropolitan product is sold abroad. That makes it the most
export-oriented in the country, just ahead of Portland, Oregon – noted for its
computer and electronics companies – and San Jose in California’s Silicon
Valley.”
According to Bruce Katz, the study’s author, these
areas could be at the vanguard of a fundamental transformation in the US
economy – away from consumers and housing towards investment and exports. “I
personally think [Wichita] will be the norm in the next 10 to 15 years,” Mr
Katz says.
Many economists believe this is desirable. Don
Kohn, outgoing vice-chairman of the Federal Reserve, has said it would put
America on a “stronger, more resilient,
and ... more sustainable growth path” than before the recession, and would
make households “less vulnerable and better able to withstand shocks in the
future”. It could also help moderate the global imbalances that have afflicted
the US economy in the past decade.
But if America is to change the sputtering, jobless nature of
its recovery and grow at the rate of 2.5 to 3 per cent most economists
think it capable of, a new model is more than just desirable. In spite of
strong headwinds, creating more Wichitas and Portlands may be essential.
A look at the shape of the US economy as it
emerges from what has been dubbed the Great Recession shows the problem.
Consumption has not grown faster than an annualised rate of 2 per cent in any
quarter since the recovery began. Housing investment is 40 per cent lower than
it was three years ago and investment in commercial buildings is down by almost
as much.
Households are focused on repaying debt, says Jan
Hatzius of Goldman Sachs in New York. “The private sector is trying to spend
less than it earns, and ... someone else needs to willingly do the reverse.”
Nor is housing investment –
normally one of the main drivers of an economic recovery – likely to bounce
back given the legacy of the boom. “We’re probably not going to have a lot ...
for quite a while because there’s oversupply,” says Christina Romer, outgoing
chair of President Barack Obama’s Council Of Economic Advisors.
That leaves business investment outside the
property sector – on equipment and software, for instance – and exports. “I
think that’s going to be the question: whether we can get those two sectors to
expand and fill the gap that would normally be taken up by housing,” Mrs Romer
says.
As Rev. William Boetcker once said, “you cannot bring about prosperity by
discouraging thrift.” The reason why there was a housing bubble in the first
place was because the US economy relied too much on consumption. At some point,
the cheap credit runs out and the bubble bursts. Obama’s stimulus program is an
attempt to reinflate the bubble. This policy is foolish because even if you
succeed, then what? Another bubble that will burst the same way down the line,
that’s what.
In a sustainable economy, value must be created. This is where
manufacturing comes in. It is the ultimate value added activity. In fact, this
chart (from the same Financial Times article) clearly shows that in the Great
Recession net exports are up while personal consumption based growth is down.
This is all a good sign of the economy atttempting to heal itself.
However, often economies are prevented from healing by well-meaning but
misguided policies. FDR’s New Deal in the Great Depression is the textbook
example. Obama’s economic wrecking squad is an example of more recent vintage.
So what kind of policies does the US government need to implement to
encourage this modest trend further? First, get rid of policies that
artificially inflate consumption. How? Repeal the Community Reinvestment Act,
which encouraged the sub-prime mortgages that were the root cause of the crisis;
get rid of Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac, which enable reckless home buying; and
remove income tax deductions on mortgage payments, which encourage everybody to
turn their house into a home equity loan generation machine.
Second, tax law should be changed to favour savings and work instead of
consumption. What does this entail? Cut capital gains taxes, corporate taxes,
taxes on interest income and income taxes (particularly at the top end).
Third, lift the regulatory burden on manufacturers and reform tort law.
Clumsy oafs who fall off ladders shouldn’t be able to endanger the financial well-being
of constructive enterprises. The fact that Cessna employs more lawyers than
engineers is a symptom of this problem.
And this is where I offer rare praise for Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty. In the
past several years, he has shifted Ontario’s tax burden from production to
consumption. He has systematically cut corporate taxes while widening
consumption taxes by implementing the HST. This will all help Ontario’s
manufacturing sector to become competitive again.